(function() {

const STATUS_SUCCESS = 1;
const STATUS_ERROR   = 2;

const ENUMS = {
	FeatureName: [undefined, "depth-clip-control", "depth32float-stencil8", "timestamp-query", "texture-compression-bc", "texture-compression-bc-sliced-3d", "texture-compression-etc2", "texture-compression-astc", "texture-compression-astc-sliced-3d", "indirect-first-instance", "shader-f16", "rg11b10ufloat-renderable", "bgra8unorm-storage", "float32-filterable", "float32-blendable", "clip-distances", "dual-source-blending" ],
	StoreOp: [undefined, "store", "discard", ],
	LoadOp: [undefined, "load", "clear", ],
	BufferBindingType: [null, undefined, "uniform", "storage", "read-only-storage", ],
	SamplerBindingType: [null, undefined, "filtering", "non-filtering", "comparison", ],
	TextureSampleType: [null, undefined, "float", "unfilterable-float", "depth", "sint", "uint", ],
	TextureViewDimension: [undefined, "1d", "2d", "2d-array", "cube", "cube-array", "3d", ],
	StorageTextureAccess: [null, undefined, "write-only", "read-only", "read-write", ],
	TextureFormat: [undefined, "r8unorm", "r8snorm", "r8uint", "r8sint", "r16uint", "r16sint", "r16float", "rg8unorm", "rg8snorm", "rg8uint", "rg8sint", "r32float", "r32uint", "r32sint", "rg16uint", "rg16sint", "rg16float", "rgba8unorm", "rgba8unorm-srgb", "rgba8snorm", "rgba8uint", "rgba8sint", "bgra8unorm", "bgra8unorm-srgb", "rgb10a2uint", "rgb10a2unorm", "rg11b10ufloat", "rgb9e5ufloat", "rg32float", "rg32uint", "rg32sint", "rgba16uint", "rgba16sint", "rgba16float", "rgba32float", "rgba32uint", "rgba32sint", "stencil8", "depth16unorm", "depth24plus", "depth24plus-stencil8", "depth32float", "depth32float-stencil8", "bc1-rgba-unorm", "bc1-rgba-unorm-srgb", "bc2-rgba-unorm", "bc2-rgba-unorm-srgb", "bc3-rgba-unorm", "bc3-rgba-unorm-srgb", "bc4-r-unorm", "bc4-r-snorm", "bc5-rg-unorm", "bc5-rg-snorm", "bc6h-rgb-ufloat", "bc6h-rgb-float", "bc7-rgba-unorm", "bc7-rgba-unorm-srgb", "etc2-rgb8unorm", "etc2-rgb8unorm-srgb", "etc2-rgb8a1unorm", "etc2-rgb8a1unorm-srgb", "etc2-rgba8unorm", "etc2-rgba8unorm-srgb", "eac-r11unorm", "eac-r11snorm", "eac-rg11unorm", "eac-rg11snorm", "astc-4x4-unorm", "astc-4x4-unorm-srgb", "astc-5x4-unorm", "astc-5x4-unorm-srgb", "astc-5x5-unorm", "astc-5x5-unorm-srgb", "astc-6x5-unorm", "astc-6x5-unorm-srgb", "astc-6x6-unorm", "astc-6x6-unorm-srgb", "astc-8x5-unorm", "astc-8x5-unorm-srgb", "astc-8x6-unorm", "astc-8x6-unorm-srgb", "astc-8x8-unorm", "astc-8x8-unorm-srgb", "astc-10x5-unorm", "astc-10x5-unorm-srgb", "astc-10x6-unorm", "astc-10x6-unorm-srgb", "astc-10x8-unorm", "astc-10x8-unorm-srgb", "astc-10x10-unorm", "astc-10x10-unorm-srgb", "astc-12x10-unorm", "astc-12x10-unorm-srgb", "astc-12x12-unorm", "astc-12x12-unorm-srgb", ],
	QueryType: [undefined, "occlusion", "timestamp", ],
	VertexStepMode: [null, undefined, "vertex", "instance", ],
	VertexFormat: [undefined, "uint8", "uint8x2", "uint8x4", "sint8", "sint8x2", "sint8x4", "unorm8", "unorm8x2", "unorm8x4", "snorm8", "snorm8x2", "snorm8x4", "uint16", "uint16x2", "uint16x4", "sint16", "sint16x2", "sint16x4", "unorm16", "unorm16x2", "unorm16x4", "snorm16", "snorm16x2", "snorm16x4", "float16", "float16x2", "float16x4", "float32", "float32x2", "float32x3", "float32x4", "uint32", "uint32x2", "uint32x3", "uint32x4", "sint32", "sint32x2", "sint32x3", "sint32x4", "unorm10-10-2", "unorm8x4-bgra" ],
	PrimitiveTopology: [undefined, "point-list", "line-list", "line-strip", "triangle-list", "triangle-strip", ],
	IndexFormat: [undefined, "uint16", "uint32", ],
	FrontFace: [undefined, "ccw", "cw", ],
	CullMode: [undefined, "none", "front", "back", ],
	AddressMode: [undefined, "clamp-to-edge", "repeat", "mirror-repeat", ],
	FilterMode: [undefined, "nearest", "linear", ],
	MipmapFilterMode: [undefined, "nearest", "linear", ],
	CompareFunction: [undefined, "never", "less", "equal", "less-equal", "greater", "not-equal", "greater-equal", "always", ],
	TextureDimension: [undefined, "1d", "2d", "3d", ],
	ErrorType: [undefined, "no-error", "validation", "out-of-memory", "internal", "unknown", ],
	WGSLLanguageFeatureName: [undefined, "readonly_and_readwrite_storage_textures", "packed_4x8_integer_dot_product", "unrestricted_pointer_parameters", "pointer_composite_access", ],
	PowerPreference: [undefined, "low-power", "high-performance", ],
	CompositeAlphaMode: ["auto", "opaque", "premultiplied", "unpremultiplied", "inherit", ],
	StencilOperation: [undefined, "keep", "zero", "replace", "invert", "increment-clamp", "decrement-clamp", "increment-wrap", "decrement-wrap", ],
	BlendOperation: ["add", "subtract", "reverse-subtract", "min", "max", ],
	BlendFactor: [undefined, "zero", "one", "src", "one-minus-src", "src-alpha", "one-minus-src-alpha", "dst", "one-minus-dst", "dst-alpha", "one-minus-dst-alpha", "src-alpha-saturated", "constant", "one-minus-constant", "src1", "one-minus-src1", "src1-alpha", "one-minus-src1-alpha" ],
	PresentMode: [undefined, "fifo", "fifo-relaxed", "immediate", "mailbox", ],
	TextureAspect: [undefined, "all", "stencil-only", "depth-only"],
	DeviceLostReason: [undefined, "unknown", "destroyed", "instance-dropped", "failed-creation"],
	BufferMapState: [undefined, "unmapped", "pending", "mapped"],
	OptionalBool: [false, true, undefined],

	// WARN: used with indexOf to pass to WASM, if we would pass to JS, this needs to use official naming convention (not like Odin enums) like the ones above.
	BackendType: [undefined, null, "WebGPU", "D3D11", "D3D12", "Metal", "Vulkan", "OpenGL", "OpenGLES"],
	AdapterType: [undefined, "DiscreteGPU", "IntegratedGPU", "CPU", "Unknown"],
	RequestDeviceStatus: [undefined, "Success", "InstanceDropped", "Error", "Unknown"],
	MapAsyncStatus: [undefined, "Success", "InstanceDropped", "Error", "Aborted", "Unknown"],
	CreatePipelineAsyncStatus: [undefined, "Success", "InstanceDropped", "ValidationError", "InternalError", "Unknown"],
	PopErrorScopeStatus: [undefined, "Success", "InstanceDropped", "EmptyStack"],
	RequestAdapterStatus: [undefined, "Success", "InstanceDropped", "Unavailable", "Error", "Unknown"],
	QueueWorkDoneStatus: [undefined, "Success", "InstanceDropped", "Error", "Unknown"],
	CompilationInfoRequestStatus: [undefined, "Success", "InstanceDropped", "Error", "Unknown"],
};

/**
 * Assumptions:
 * - Ability to allocate memory, set the context to allocate with using the global `wgpu.g_context`
 * - Exports a function table (for callbacks), added with `-extra-linker-flags:"--export-table"`
 */
class WebGPUInterface {

	/**
	 * @param {WasmMemoryInterface} mem
	 */
	constructor(mem) {
		this.mem = mem;

		this.sizes = {
			Color: [32, 8],
			BufferBindingLayout: [24, 8],
			SamplerBindingLayout: [8, 4],
			TextureBindingLayout: [16, 4],
			StorageTextureBindingLayout: [16, 4],
			StringView: [2*this.mem.intSize, this.mem.intSize],
			ConstantEntry: [this.mem.intSize === 8 ? 32 : 24, 8],
			ProgrammableStageDescriptor: [8 + this.mem.intSize*4, this.mem.intSize],
			VertexBufferLayout: [16 + this.mem.intSize*2, 8],
			VertexAttribute: [24, 8],
			VertexState: [8 + this.mem.intSize*6, this.mem.intSize],
			PrimitiveState: [24, 4],
			MultisampleState: [16, 4],
			StencilFaceState: [16, 4],
			ColorTargetState: [24, 8],
			BlendComponent: [12, 4],
			TexelCopyBufferLayout: [16, 8],
			Origin3D: [12, 4],
			QueueDescriptor: [this.mem.intSize*3, this.mem.intSize],
			CallbackInfo: [20, 4],
			UncapturedErrorCallbackInfo: [16, 4],
			RenderPassColorAttachment: [56, 8],
			BindGroupEntry: [40, 8],
			BindGroupLayoutEntry: [80, 8],
			Extent3D: [12, 4],
			CompilationMessage: [this.mem.intSize == 8 ? 64 : 48, 8],
		};

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<{}>} */
		this.instances = new WebGPUObjectManager("Instance", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUAdapter>} */
		this.adapters = new WebGPUObjectManager("Adapter", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUBindGroup>} */
		this.bindGroups = new WebGPUObjectManager("BindGroup", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUBindGroupLayout>} */
		this.bindGroupLayouts = new WebGPUObjectManager("BindGroupLayout", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<{ buffer: GPUBuffer, mapping: ?{ range: ArrayBuffer, ptr: number, size: number } }>} */
		this.buffers = new WebGPUObjectManager("Buffer", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUDevice>} */
		this.devices = new WebGPUObjectManager("Device", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUCommandBuffer>} */
		this.commandBuffers = new WebGPUObjectManager("CommandBuffer", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUCommandEncoder>} */
		this.commandEncoders = new WebGPUObjectManager("CommandEncoder", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUComputePassEncoder>} */
		this.computePassEncoders = new WebGPUObjectManager("ComputePassEncoder", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPURenderPassEncoder>} */
		this.renderPassEncoders = new WebGPUObjectManager("RenderPassEncoder", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUQuerySet>} */
		this.querySets = new WebGPUObjectManager("QuerySet", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUComputePipeline>} */
		this.computePipelines = new WebGPUObjectManager("ComputePipeline", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUPipelineLayout>} */
		this.pipelineLayouts = new WebGPUObjectManager("PipelineLayout", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUQueue>} */
		this.queues = new WebGPUObjectManager("Queue", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPURenderBundle>} */
		this.renderBundles = new WebGPUObjectManager("RenderBundle", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPURenderBundleEncoder>} */
		this.renderBundleEncoders = new WebGPUObjectManager("RenderBundleEncoder", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPURenderPipeline>} */
		this.renderPipelines = new WebGPUObjectManager("RenderPipeline", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUSampler>} */
		this.samplers = new WebGPUObjectManager("Sampler", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUShaderModule>} */
		this.shaderModules = new WebGPUObjectManager("ShaderModule", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<HTMLCanvasElement>} */
		this.surfaces = new WebGPUObjectManager("Surface", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUTexture>} */
		this.textures = new WebGPUObjectManager("Texture", this.mem);

		/** @type {WebGPUObjectManager<GPUTextureView>} */
		this.textureViews = new WebGPUObjectManager("TextureView", this.mem);

		this.zeroMessageAddr = 0;
	}

	struct(start) {
		let offset = start;

		return (size, alignment = null) => {
			if (alignment === null) {
				if (Array.isArray(size)) {
					[size, alignment] = size;
				} else {
					alignment = size;
				}
			}

			// Align the offset to the required boundary
			offset = Math.ceil(offset / alignment) * alignment;
			let currentOffset = offset;
			offset += size;

			return currentOffset;
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number|BigInt} src
	 * @returns {number|BigInt}
	 */
	uint(src) {
		if (this.mem.intSize == 8) {
			return BigInt(src);
		} else if (this.mem.intSize == 4) {
			return src;
		} else {
			throw new Error("unreachable");
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number|BigInt} src
	 * @returns {number}
	 */
	unwrapBigInt(src) {
		if (typeof src == "number") {
			return src;
		}

		const MAX_SAFE_INTEGER = 9007199254740991n;
		if (typeof src != "bigint") {
			throw new TypeError(`unwrapBigInt got invalid param of type ${typeof src}`);
		}

		if (src > MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) {
			throw new Error(`unwrapBigInt precision would be lost converting ${src}`);
		}

		return Number(src);
	}

	/**
	 * @param {boolean} condition
	 * @param {string} message
	 */
	assert(condition, message = "assertion failure") {
		if (!condition) {
			throw new Error(message);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @template T
	 *
	 * @param {number} count
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @param {function(number): T} decoder
	 * @param {number} stride
	 * @returns {Array<T>}
	 */
	array(count, start, decoder, stride) {
		if (count == 0) {
			return [];
		}
		this.assert(start != 0);

		const out = [];
		for (let i = 0; i < count; i += 1) {
			out.push(decoder.call(this, start));
			start += stride;
		}
		return out;
	}

	/**
	 * @param {string} name
	 * @param {number} ptr
	 * @returns {`GPU${name}`}
	 */
	enumeration(name, ptr) {
		const int = this.mem.loadI32(ptr);
		return ENUMS[name][int];
	}

	/**
	 * @param {GPUSupportedFeatures} features
	 * @param {number} ptr
	 */
	genericGetFeatures(features, ptr) {
		this.assert(ptr != 0);

		const availableFeatures = [];
		ENUMS.FeatureName.forEach((feature, value) => {
			if (!feature) {
				return;
			}

			if (features.has(feature)) {
				availableFeatures.push(value);
			}
		});

		if (availableFeatures.length === 0) {
			return;
		}

		const featuresAddr = this.mem.exports.wgpu_alloc(availableFeatures.length * 4);
		this.assert(featuresAddr != 0);

		let off = this.struct(ptr);
		this.mem.storeUint(off(this.mem.intSize), availableFeatures.length);
		this.mem.storeI32(off(4), featuresAddr);

		off = this.struct(featuresAddr);	
		for (let i = 0; i < availableFeatures.length; i += 1) {
			this.mem.storeI32(off(4), availableFeatures[i]);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @param {GPUSupportedLimits} limits
	 * @param {number} ptr
	 * @returns {number}
	 */
	genericGetLimits(limits, supportedLimitsPtr) {
		this.assert(supportedLimitsPtr != 0);

		const off = this.struct(supportedLimitsPtr);
		off(4);

		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxTextureDimension1D);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxTextureDimension2D);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxTextureDimension3D);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxTextureArrayLayers);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxBindGroups);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxBindGroupsPlusVertexBuffers);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxBindingsPerBindGroup);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxDynamicUniformBuffersPerPipelineLayout);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxDynamicStorageBuffersPerPipelineLayout);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxSampledTexturesPerShaderStage);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxSamplersPerShaderStage);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxUniformBuffersPerShaderStage);
		this.mem.storeU64(off(8), limits.maxUniformBufferBindingSize);
		this.mem.storeU64(off(8), limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxVertexBuffers);
		this.mem.storeU64(off(8), limits.maxBufferSize);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxVertexAttributes);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxVertexBufferArrayStride);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxInterStageShaderVariables);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxColorAttachments);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxColorAttachmentBytesPerSample);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxComputeWorkgroupStorageSize);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxComputeInvocationsPerWorkgroup);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ);
		this.mem.storeU32(off(4), limits.maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension);

		return STATUS_SUCCESS;
	}

	genericGetAdapterInfo(infoPtr) {
		this.assert(infoPtr != 0);

		const off = this.struct(infoPtr);
		off(4); // nextInChain
		off(this.sizes.StringView); // vendor
		off(this.sizes.StringView); // architecture
		off(this.sizes.StringView); // device
		off(this.sizes.StringView); // description

		this.mem.storeI32(off(4), ENUMS.BackendType.indexOf("WebGPU"));
		this.mem.storeI32(off(4), ENUMS.AdapterType.indexOf("Unknown"));

		// NOTE: I don't think getting the other fields in this struct is possible.
		// `adapter.requestAdapterInfo` is deprecated.

		return STATUS_SUCCESS;
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} ptr
	 * @returns {GPUFeatureName}
	 */
	FeatureNamePtr(ptr) {
		return this.FeatureName(this.mem.loadI32(ptr));
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} featureInt
	 * @returns {GPUFeatureName}
	 */
	FeatureName(featureInt) {
		return ENUMS.FeatureName[featureInt];
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} ptr
	 * @returns {GPUSupportedLimits}
	 */
	RequiredLimitsPtr(ptr) {
		const start = this.mem.loadPtr(ptr);
		if (start == 0) {
			return undefined;
		}

		return this.Limits(start + 8);
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @return {GPUSupportedLimits}
	 */
	Limits(start) {
		const limitU32 = (ptr) => {
			const value = this.mem.loadU32(ptr);
			if (value == 0xFFFFFFFF) { // LIMIT_32_UNDEFINED.
				return undefined;
			}
			return value;
		};

		const limitU64 = (ptr) => {
			const part1 = this.mem.loadU32(ptr);
			const part2 = this.mem.loadU32(ptr + 4);
			if (part1 != 0xFFFFFFFF || part2 != 0xFFFFFFFF) { // LIMIT_64_UNDEFINED.
				return this.mem.loadU64(ptr);
			}
			return undefined;
		};

		const off = this.struct(start);
		off(4);

		return {
			maxTextureDimension1D:                     limitU32(off(4)),
			maxTextureDimension2D:                     limitU32(off(4)),
			maxTextureDimension3D:                     limitU32(off(4)),
			maxTextureArrayLayers:                     limitU32(off(4)),
			maxBindGroups:                             limitU32(off(4)),
			maxBindGroupsPlusVertexBuffers:            limitU32(off(4)),
			maxBindingsPerBindGroup:                   limitU32(off(4)),
			maxDynamicUniformBuffersPerPipelineLayout: limitU32(off(4)),
			maxDynamicStorageBuffersPerPipelineLayout: limitU32(off(4)),
			maxSampledTexturesPerShaderStage:          limitU32(off(4)),
			maxSamplersPerShaderStage:                 limitU32(off(4)),
			maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage:           limitU32(off(4)),
			maxStorageTexturesPerShaderStage:          limitU32(off(4)),
			maxUniformBuffersPerShaderStage:           limitU32(off(4)),
			maxUniformBufferBindingSize:               limitU64(off(8)),
			maxStorageBufferBindingSize:               limitU64(off(8)),
			minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment:           limitU32(off(4)),
			minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment:           limitU32(off(4)),
			maxVertexBuffers:                          limitU32(off(4)),
			maxBufferSize:                             limitU64(off(8)),
			maxVertexAttributes:                       limitU32(off(4)),
			maxVertexBufferArrayStride:                limitU32(off(4)),
			maxInterStageShaderVariables:              limitU32(off(4)),
			maxColorAttachments:                       limitU32(off(4)),
			maxColorAttachmentBytesPerSample:          limitU32(off(4)),
			maxComputeWorkgroupStorageSize:            limitU32(off(4)),
			maxComputeInvocationsPerWorkgroup:         limitU32(off(4)),
			maxComputeWorkgroupSizeX:                  limitU32(off(4)),
			maxComputeWorkgroupSizeY:                  limitU32(off(4)),
			maxComputeWorkgroupSizeZ:                  limitU32(off(4)),
			maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension:          limitU32(off(4)),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUQueueDescriptor}
	 */
	QueueDescriptor(start) {
		return {
			label: this.StringView(start + 4),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} ptr
	 * @returns {GPUComputePassTimestampWrites}
	 */
	ComputePassTimestampWritesPtr(ptr) {
		const start = this.mem.loadPtr(ptr);
		if (start == 0) {
			return undefined;
		}

		const off = this.struct(start);
		return {
			querySet:                  this.querySets.get(this.mem.loadPtr(off(4))),
			beginningOfPassWriteIndex: this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
			endOfPassWriteIndex:       this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPURenderPassColorAttachment}
	 */
	RenderPassColorAttachment(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		off(4);

		const viewIdx = this.mem.loadPtr(off(4));

		let depthSlice = this.mem.loadU32(off(4));
		if (depthSlice == 0xFFFFFFFF) { // DEPTH_SLICE_UNDEFINED.
			depthSlice = undefined;
		}

		const resolveTargetIdx = this.mem.loadPtr(off(4));

		return {
			view: viewIdx > 0 ? this.textureViews.get(viewIdx) : undefined,
			resolveTarget: resolveTargetIdx > 0 ? this.textureViews.get(resolveTargetIdx) : undefined,
			depthSlice: depthSlice,
			loadOp: this.enumeration("LoadOp", off(4)),
			storeOp: this.enumeration("StoreOp", off(4)),
			clearValue: this.Color(off(this.sizes.Color)),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUColor}
	 */
	Color(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		return {
			r: this.mem.loadF64(off(8)),
			g: this.mem.loadF64(off(8)),
			b: this.mem.loadF64(off(8)),
			a: this.mem.loadF64(off(8)),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} ptr
	 * @returns {GPURenderPassDepthStencilAttachment}
	 */
	RenderPassDepthStencilAttachmentPtr(ptr) {
		const start = this.mem.loadPtr(ptr);
		if (start == 0) {
			return undefined;
		}

		const off = this.struct(start);

		return {
			view:              this.textureViews.get(this.mem.loadPtr(off(4))),
			depthLoadOp:       this.enumeration("LoadOp", off(4)),
			depthStoreOp:      this.enumeration("StoreOp", off(4)),
			depthClearValue:   this.mem.loadF32(off(4)),
			depthReadOnly:     this.mem.loadB32(off(4)),
			stencilLoadOp:     this.enumeration("LoadOp", off(4)),
			stencilStoreOp:    this.enumeration("StoreOp", off(4)),
			stencilClearValue: this.mem.loadF32(off(4)),
			stencilReadOnly:   this.mem.loadB32(off(4)),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} ptr
	 * @returns {undefined|GPUQuerySet}
	 */
	QuerySet(ptr) {
		ptr = this.mem.loadPtr(ptr);
		if (ptr == 0) {
			return undefined;
		}

		return this.querySets.get(ptr);
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} ptr
	 * @returns {GPURenderPassTimestampWrites}
	 */
	RenderPassTimestampWritesPtr(ptr) {
		return this.ComputePassTimestampWritesPtr(ptr);
	}
	
	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUOrigin3D}
	 */
	Origin3D(start) {
		return {
			x: this.mem.loadU32(start + 0),
			y: this.mem.loadU32(start + 4),
			z: this.mem.loadU32(start + 8),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUExtent3D}
	 */
	Extent3D(start) {
		return {
			width:              this.mem.loadU32(start + 0),
			height:             this.mem.loadU32(start + 4),
			depthOrArrayLayers: this.mem.loadU32(start + 8),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUBindGroupEntry}
	 */
	BindGroupEntry(start) {
		const buffer = this.mem.loadPtr(start + 8);
		const sampler = this.mem.loadPtr(start + 32);
		const textureView = this.mem.loadPtr(start + 36);

		/** @type {GPUBindingResource} */
		let resource;
		if (buffer > 0) {
			resource = {
				buffer: this.buffers.get(buffer).buffer,
				offset: this.mem.loadU64(start + 16),
				size: this.mem.loadU64(start + 24),
			}
		} else if (sampler > 0) {
			resource = this.samplers.get(sampler);
		} else if (textureView > 0) {
			resource = this.textureViews.get(textureView);
		}

		return {
			binding: this.mem.loadU32(start + 4),
			resource: resource,
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUBindGroupLayoutEntry}
	 */
	BindGroupLayoutEntry(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		off(4);

		const entry = {
			binding:        this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
			visibility:     this.mem.loadU64(off(8)),
			buffer:         this.BufferBindingLayout(off(this.sizes.BufferBindingLayout)),
			sampler:        this.SamplerBindingLayout(off(this.sizes.SamplerBindingLayout)),
			texture:        this.TextureBindingLayout(off(this.sizes.TextureBindingLayout)),
			storageTexture: this.StorageTextureBindingLayout(off(this.sizes.StorageTextureBindingLayout)),
		};
		if (!entry.buffer.type) {
			entry.buffer = undefined;
		}
		if (!entry.sampler.type) {
			entry.sampler = undefined;
		}
		if (!entry.texture.sampleType) {
			entry.texture = undefined;
		}
		if (!entry.storageTexture.access) {
			entry.storageTexture = undefined;
		}
		return entry;
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUBufferBindingLayout}
	 */
	BufferBindingLayout(start) {
		return {
			type: this.enumeration("BufferBindingType", start + 4),
			hasDynamicOffset: this.mem.loadB32(start + 8),
			minBindingSize: this.mem.loadU64(start + 16),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUSamplerBindingLayout}
	 */
	SamplerBindingLayout(start) {
		return {
			type: this.enumeration("SamplerBindingType", start + 4),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUTextureBindingLayout}
	 */
	TextureBindingLayout(start) {
		return {
			sampleType: this.enumeration("TextureSampleType", start + 4),
			viewDimension: this.enumeration("TextureViewDimension", start + 8),
			multisampled: this.mem.loadB32(start + 12),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUStorageTextureBindingLayout}
	 */
	StorageTextureBindingLayout(start) {
		return {
			access: this.enumeration("StorageTextureAccess", start + 4),
			format: this.enumeration("TextureFormat", start + 8),
			viewDimension: this.enumeration("TextureViewDimension", start + 12),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUProgrammableStage}
	 */
	ProgrammableStageDescriptor(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		off(4);

		const shaderModule = this.shaderModules.get(this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)));
		const entryPoint = this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView));

		const constantsArray = this.array(
			this.mem.loadUint(off(this.mem.intSize)),
			this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
			this.ConstantEntry,
			this.sizes.ConstantEntry[0],
		);

		return {
			module:     shaderModule,
			entryPoint: entryPoint,
			constants:  constantsArray.reduce((prev, curr) => {
				prev[curr.key] = curr.value;
				return prev;
			}, {}),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {{ key: string, value: number }}
	 */
	ConstantEntry(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		off(4);

		return {
			key:   this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView)),
			value: this.mem.loadF64(off(8)),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUComputePipelineDescriptor}
	 */
	ComputePipelineDescriptor(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		off(4);

		const label = this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView));
		const layoutIdx = this.mem.loadPtr(off(4));
		return {
			label: label,
			layout: layoutIdx > 0 ? this.pipelineLayouts.get(layoutIdx) : "auto",
			compute: this.ProgrammableStageDescriptor(off(this.sizes.ProgrammableStageDescriptor)),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUVertexState}
	 */
	VertexState(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		off(4);

		const shaderModuleIdx = this.mem.loadPtr(off(4));
		const entryPoint = this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView));

		const constantsArray = this.array(
			this.mem.loadUint(off(this.mem.intSize)),
			this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
			this.ConstantEntry,
			this.sizes.ConstantEntry[0],
		);

		return {
			module: this.shaderModules.get(shaderModuleIdx),
			entryPoint: entryPoint,
			constants: constantsArray.reduce((prev, curr) => {
				prev[curr.key] = curr.value;
				return prev;
			}, {}),
			buffers: this.array(
				this.mem.loadUint(off(this.mem.intSize)),
				this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
				this.VertexBufferLayout,
				this.sizes.VertexBufferLayout[0],
			),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {?GPUVertexBufferLayout}
	 */
	VertexBufferLayout(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);

		const stepMode = this.enumeration("VertexStepMode", off(4));
		if (stepMode == null) {
			return null;
		}

		return {
			arrayStride: this.mem.loadU64(off(8)),
			stepMode: stepMode,
			attributes: this.array(
				this.mem.loadUint(off(this.mem.intSize)),
				this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
				this.VertexAttribute,
				this.sizes.VertexAttribute[0],
			),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUVertexAttribute}
	 */
	VertexAttribute(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		return {
			format:         this.enumeration("VertexFormat", off(4)),
			offset:         this.mem.loadU64(off(8)),
			shaderLocation: this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUPrimitiveState}
	 */
	PrimitiveState(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		off(4);

		return {
			topology:         this.enumeration("PrimitiveTopology", off(4)),
			stripIndexFormat: this.enumeration("IndexFormat", off(4)),
			frontFace:        this.enumeration("FrontFace", off(4)),
			cullMode:         this.enumeration("CullMode", off(4)),
			unclippedDepth:   this.mem.loadB32(off(4)),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPURenderPipelineDescriptor}
	 */
	RenderPipelineDescriptor(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		off(4);

		const label = this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView));
		const layoutIdx = this.mem.loadPtr(off(4));
		return {
			label:        label,
			layout:       layoutIdx > 0 ? this.pipelineLayouts.get(layoutIdx) : "auto",
			vertex:       this.VertexState(off(this.sizes.VertexState)),
			primitive:    this.PrimitiveState(off(this.sizes.PrimitiveState)),
			depthStencil: this.DepthStencilStatePtr(off(4)),
			multisample:  this.MultisampleState(off(this.sizes.MultisampleState)),
			fragment:     this.FragmentStatePtr(off(4)),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} ptr
	 * @returns {?GPUDepthStencilState}
	 */
	DepthStencilStatePtr(ptr) {
		const start = this.mem.loadPtr(ptr);
		if (start == 0) {
			return undefined;
		}

		const off = this.struct(start);
		off(4);

		return {
			format:              this.enumeration("TextureFormat", off(4)),
			depthWriteEnabled:   this.enumeration("OptionalBool", off(4)),
			depthCompare:        this.enumeration("CompareFunction", off(4)),
			stencilFront:        this.StencilFaceState(off(this.sizes.StencilFaceState)),
			stencilBack:         this.StencilFaceState(off(this.sizes.StencilFaceState)),
			stencilReadMask:     this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
			stencilWriteMask:    this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
			depthBias:           this.mem.loadI32(off(4)),
			depthBiasSlopeScale: this.mem.loadF32(off(4)),
			depthBiasClamp:      this.mem.loadF32(off(4)),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUStencilFaceState}
	 */
	StencilFaceState(start) {
		return {
			compare:     this.enumeration("CompareFunction",  start + 0),
			failOp:      this.enumeration("StencilOperation", start + 4),
			depthFailOp: this.enumeration("StencilOperation", start + 8),
			passOp:      this.enumeration("StencilOperation", start + 12),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUMultisampleState}
	 */
	MultisampleState(start) {
		return {
			count:                  this.mem.loadU32(start + 4),
			mask:                   this.mem.loadU32(start + 8),
			alphaToCoverageEnabled: this.mem.loadB32(start + 12),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} ptr
	 * @returns {?GPUFragmentState}
	 */
	FragmentStatePtr(ptr) {
		const start = this.mem.loadPtr(ptr);
		if (start == 0) {
			return undefined;
		}

		const off = this.struct(start);
		off(4);

		const shaderModule = this.shaderModules.get(this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)));
		const entryPoint = this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView));

		const constantsArray = this.array(
			this.mem.loadUint(off(this.mem.intSize)),
			this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
			this.ConstantEntry,
			this.sizes.ConstantEntry[0],
		);

		return {
			module:     shaderModule,
			entryPoint: entryPoint,
			constants: constantsArray.reduce((prev, curr) => {
				prev[curr.key] = curr.value;
				return prev;
			}, {}),
			targets: this.array(
				this.mem.loadUint(off(this.mem.intSize)),
				this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
				this.ColorTargetState,
				this.sizes.ColorTargetState[0],
			),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {GPUColorTargetState}
	 */
	ColorTargetState(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		off(4);
		return {
			format:    this.enumeration("TextureFormat", off(4)),
			blend:     this.BlendStatePtr(off(4)),
			writeMask: this.mem.loadU64(off(8)),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} ptr
	 * @returns {?GPUBlendState}
	 */
	BlendStatePtr(ptr) {
		const start = this.mem.loadPtr(ptr);
		if (start == 0) {
			return undefined;
		}

		const off = this.struct(start);

		return {
			color: this.BlendComponent(off(this.sizes.BlendComponent)),
			alpha: this.BlendComponent(off(this.sizes.BlendComponent)),
		};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {number} start
	 * @returns {?GPUBlendComponent}
	 */
	BlendComponent(start) {
		return {
			operation: this.enumeration("BlendOperation", start + 0),
			srcFactor: this.enumeration("BlendFactor",    start + 4),
			dstFactor: this.enumeration("BlendFactor",    start + 8),
		};
	}

	TexelCopyBufferInfo(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		const layout = this.TexelCopyBufferLayout(off(this.sizes.TexelCopyBufferLayout));
		const bufferIdx = this.mem.loadPtr(off(4));
		return {
			buffer: this.buffers.get(bufferIdx).buffer,
			offset: layout.offset,
			bytesPerRow: layout.bytesPerRow,
			rowsPerImage: layout.rowsPerImage,
		};
	}

	TexelCopyBufferLayout(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		return {
			offset: this.mem.loadU64(off(8)),
			bytesPerRow: this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
			rowsPerImage: this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
		};
	}

	TexelCopyTextureInfo(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		return {
			texture: this.textures.get(this.mem.loadPtr(off(4))),
			mipLevel: this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
			origin: this.Origin3D(off(this.sizes.Origin3D)),
			aspect: this.enumeration("TextureAspect", off(4)),
		};
	}

	StringView(start) {
		const data = this.mem.loadPtr(start);
		return this.mem.loadString(data, this.mem.loadUint(start + this.mem.intSize));
	}

	CallbackInfoPtr(ptr) {
		const start = this.mem.loadPtr(ptr);
		if (start === 0) {
			return null;
		}

		return CallbackInfo(start);
	}

	CallbackInfo(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		off(4);
		// TODO: callback mode?
		off(4);
		return {
			callback: this.mem.exports.__indirect_function_table.get(this.mem.loadPtr(off(4))),
			userdata1: this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
			userdata2: this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
		};
	}

	UncapturedErrorCallbackInfo(start) {
		const off = this.struct(start);
		off(4);
		return {
			callback: this.mem.exports.__indirect_function_table.get(this.mem.loadPtr(off(4))),
			userdata1: this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
			userdata2: this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
		};
	}

	callCallback(callback, args) {
		args.push(callback.userdata1);
		args.push(callback.userdata2);
		callback.callback(...args);
	}

	zeroMessageArg() {
		if (this.zeroMessageAddr > 0) {
			return this.zeroMessageAddr;
		}

		this.zeroMessageAddr = this.mem.exports.wgpu_alloc(this.sizes.StringView[0]);
		return this.zeroMessageAddr;
	}

	makeMessageArg(message) {
			if (message.length == 0) {
				return this.zeroMessageArg();
			}

			const messageLength = new TextEncoder().encode(message).length;
			const stringSize = this.sizes.StringView[0];

			const addr = this.mem.exports.wgpu_alloc(stringSize + messageLength);

			const messageAddr = addr + stringSize;

			this.mem.storeI32(addr, messageAddr);
			this.mem.storeUint(addr + this.mem.intSize, messageLength);

			this.mem.storeString(messageAddr, message);

			return addr;
	}

	getInterface() {
		return {
			/**
			 * @param {0|number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuCreateInstance: (descriptorPtr) => {
				if (!navigator.gpu) {
					console.error("WebGPU is not supported by this browser");
					return 0;
				}

				// TODO: instance capabilities for futures?

				return this.instances.create({});
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} capabilitiesPtr
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuGetInstanceCapabilities: (capabilitiesPtr) => {
				// TODO: implement (futures).
				return STATUS_ERROR;
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} procNamePtr
			 * @param {number} procNameLen
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuGetProcAddress: (procNamePtr, procNameLen) => {
				console.error(`unimplemented: wgpuGetProcAddress`);
				return 0;
			},

			/* ---------------------- Adapter ---------------------- */

			/**
			 * @param {number} adapterIdx
			 * @param {number} featuresPtr
			 */
			wgpuAdapterGetFeatures: (adapterIdx, featuresPtr) => {
				const adapter = this.adapters.get(adapterIdx);
				this.genericGetFeatures(adapter.features, featuresPtr);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} adapterIdx
			 * @param {number} infoPtr
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuAdapterGetInfo: (adapterIdx, infoPtr) => {
				return this.genericGetAdapterInfo(infoPtr);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} adapterIdx
			 * @param {number} limitsPtr
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuAdapterGetLimits: (adapterIdx, limitsPtr) => {
				const adapter = this.adapters.get(adapterIdx);
				return this.genericGetLimits(adapter.limits, limitsPtr);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} adapterIdx
			 * @param {number} featureInt
			 * @returns {boolean}
			 */
			wgpuAdapterHasFeature: (adapterIdx, featureInt) => {
				const adapter = this.adapters.get(adapterIdx);
				return adapter.features.has(ENUMS.FeatureName[featureInt]);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} adapterIdx
			 * @param {0|number} descriptorPtr
			 * @param {number} callbackInfoPtr
			 * @return {number}
			 */
			wgpuAdapterRequestDevice: (adapterIdx, descriptorPtr, callbackInfoPtr) => {
				const adapter  = this.adapters.get(adapterIdx);

				const off = this.struct(descriptorPtr);
				off(4);

				/** @type {GPUDeviceDescriptor} */
				let descriptor;
				if (descriptorPtr != 0) {
					descriptor = {
						label: this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView)),
						requiredFeatures: this.array(
							this.mem.loadUint(off(this.mem.intSize)),
							this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
							this.FeatureNamePtr,
							4,
						),
						requiredLimits: this.RequiredLimitsPtr(off(4)),
						defaultQueue:   this.QueueDescriptor(off(this.sizes.QueueDescriptor)),
					};
				}

				const callbackInfo = this.CallbackInfo(callbackInfoPtr);

				const deviceLostCallbackInfo = this.CallbackInfo(off(this.sizes.CallbackInfo));
				const uncapturedErrorCallbackInfo = this.UncapturedErrorCallbackInfo(off(this.sizes.UncapturedErrorCallbackInfo));

				adapter.requestDevice(descriptor)
					.catch((e) => {
						const messageAddr = this.makeMessageArg(e.message);
						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.RequestDeviceStatus.indexOf("Error"), messageAddr]);
						this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(messageAddr);
					})
					.then((device) => {
						const deviceIdx = this.devices.create(device);

						if (deviceLostCallbackInfo.callback !== null) {
							device.lost.then((info) => {
								const reason = ENUMS.DeviceLostReason.indexOf(info.reason);

								const devicePtr = this.mem.exports.wgpu_alloc(4);
								this.mem.storeI32(devicePtr, deviceIdx);

								const messageAddr = this.makeMessageArg(info.message);
								this.callCallback(deviceLostCallbackInfo, [devicePtr, reason, messageAddr]);

								this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(devicePtr);
								this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(messageAddr);
							});
						}

						if (uncapturedErrorCallbackInfo.callback !== null) {
							device.onuncapturederror = (ev) => {
								let status;
								if (ev.error instanceof GPUValidationError) {
									status = ENUMS.ErrorType.indexOf("validation");
								} else if (ev.error instanceof GPUOutOfMemoryError) {
									status = ENUMS.ErrorType.indexOf("out-of-memory");
								} else if (ev.error instanceof GPUInternalError) {
									status = ENUMS.ErrorType.indexOf("internal");
								} else {
									status = ENUMS.ErrorType.indexOf("unknown");
								}

								const messageAddr = this.makeMessageArg(ev.error.message);
								this.callCallback(uncapturedErrorCallbackInfo, [deviceIdx, status, messageAddr]);
								this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(messageAddr);
							};
						}

						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.ErrorType.indexOf("no-error"), deviceIdx, this.zeroMessageArg()]);
					});

				// TODO: returning a future? WARN that requires refactor removing await
				return BigInt(0);
			},

			...this.adapters.interface(),

			/**
			 * @param {number} infoPtr
			 */
			wgpuAdapterInfoFreeMembers: (infoPtr) => {
				// NOTE: nothing to free.
			},

			/* ---------------------- BindGroup ---------------------- */

			...this.bindGroups.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- BindGroupLayout ---------------------- */

			...this.bindGroupLayouts.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- Buffer ---------------------- */

			/** @param {number} bufferIdx */
			wgpuBufferDestroy: (bufferIdx) => {
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx);
				buffer.buffer.destroy();
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} bufferIdx
			 * @param {number|BigInt} offset
			 * @param {number|BigInt} size
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuBufferGetConstMappedRange: (bufferIdx, offset, size) => {
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx);
				offset = this.unwrapBigInt(offset);
				size   = this.unwrapBigInt(size);

				// TODO: does constMappedRange need to do something else?

				this.assert(!buffer.mapping, "buffer already mapped");

				const range = buffer.buffer.getMappedRange(offset, size);

				const ptr = this.mem.exports.wgpu_alloc(range.byteLength);

				const mapping = new Uint8Array(this.mem.memory.buffer, ptr, size);
				mapping.set(new Uint8Array(range));

				buffer.mapping = { range: range, ptr: ptr, size: range.byteLength };
				return ptr;
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} bufferIdx
			 * @return {number}
			 */
			wgpuBufferGetMapState: (bufferIdx) => {
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx);
				return ENUMS.BufferMapState.indexOf(buffer.mapState);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} bufferIdx
			 * @param {number|BigInt} offset
			 * @param {number|BigInt} size
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuBufferGetMappedRange: (bufferIdx, offset, size) => {
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx);
				offset = this.unwrapBigInt(offset);
				size   = this.unwrapBigInt(size);

				this.assert(!buffer.mapping, "buffer already mapped");

				const range = buffer.buffer.getMappedRange(offset, size);

				const ptr = this.mem.exports.wgpu_alloc(range.byteLength);

				const mapping = new Uint8Array(this.mem.memory.buffer, ptr, size);
				mapping.set(new Uint8Array(range));

				buffer.mapping = { range: range, ptr: ptr, size: range.byteLength };
				return ptr;
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} bufferIdx
			 * @returns {BigInt}
			 */
			wgpuBufferGetSize: (bufferIdx) => {
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx);
				return BigInt(buffer.buffer.size);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} bufferIdx
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuBufferGetUsage: (bufferIdx) => {
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx);
				return buffer.buffer.usage;
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} bufferIdx
			 * @param {number} mode
			 * @param {number|BigInt} offset
			 * @param {number|BigInt} size
			 * @param {number} callbackInfo
			 * @return {number}
			 */
			wgpuBufferMapAsync: (bufferIdx, mode, offset, size, callbackInfoPtr) => {
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx);
				mode   = this.unwrapBigInt(mode);
				offset = this.unwrapBigInt(offset);
				size   = this.unwrapBigInt(size);

				const callbackInfo = this.CallbackInfo(callbackInfoPtr);	
				buffer.buffer.mapAsync(mode, offset, size)
					.catch((e) => {
						const messageAddr = this.makeMessageArg(e.message);
						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.MapAsyncStatus.indexOf("Error"), messageAddr]);
						this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(messageAddr);
					})
					.then(() => {
						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.MapAsyncStatus.indexOf("Success"), this.zeroMessageArg()]);
					});

				// TODO: returning a future? WARN that requires refactor removing await
				return BigInt(0);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} bufferIdx
			 * @param {number} labelPtr
			 * @param {number} labelLen
			 */
			wgpuBufferSetLabel: (bufferIdx, labelPtr, labelLen) => {
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx);
				buffer.buffer.label = this.mem.loadString(labelPtr, labelLen);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} bufferIdx
			 */
			wgpuBufferUnmap: (bufferIdx) => {
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx);
				this.assert(buffer.mapping, "buffer not mapped");

				const mapping = new Uint8Array(this.mem.memory.buffer, buffer.mapping.ptr, buffer.mapping.size);
				(new Uint8Array(buffer.mapping.range)).set(mapping);

				buffer.buffer.unmap();

				this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(buffer.mapping.ptr);
				buffer.mapping = null;
			},

			...this.buffers.interface(),

			/* ---------------------- CommandBuffer ---------------------- */

			...this.commandBuffers.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- CommandEncoder ---------------------- */

			/**
			 * @param {number} commandEncoderIdx
			 * @param {0|number} descriptorPtr
			 * @return {number} The compute pass encoder
			 */
			wgpuCommandEncoderBeginComputePass: (commandEncoderIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const commandEncoder = this.commandEncoders.get(commandEncoderIdx);

				/** @type {?GPUComputePassDescriptor} */
				let descriptor;
				if (descriptorPtr != 0) {
					const off = this.struct(descriptorPtr);
					off(4);
					descriptor = {
						label:           this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView)),
						timestampWrites: this.ComputePassTimestampWritesPtr(off(4)),
					};
				}

				const computePassEncoder = commandEncoder.beginComputePass(descriptor);
				return this.computePassEncoders.create(computePassEncoder);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} commandEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} descriptorPtr
			 * @return {number} The render pass encoder
			 */
			wgpuCommandEncoderBeginRenderPass: (commandEncoderIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const commandEncoder = this.commandEncoders.get(commandEncoderIdx);
				this.assert(descriptorPtr != 0);

				const off = this.struct(descriptorPtr);

				let maxDrawCount = undefined;
				const nextInChain = this.mem.loadPtr(off(4));
				if (nextInChain != 0) {
					const nextInChainType = this.mem.loadI32(nextInChain + 4);
					// RenderPassMaxDrawCount = 0x00000003,
					if (nextInChainType == 0x00000003) {
						maxDrawCount = this.mem.loadU64(nextInChain + 8);
					}
				}

				/** @type {GPURenderPassDescriptor} */
				const descriptor = {
					label: this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView)),
					colorAttachments: this.array(
						this.mem.loadUint(off(this.mem.intSize)),
						this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
						this.RenderPassColorAttachment,
						this.sizes.RenderPassColorAttachment[0],
					),
					depthStencilAttachment: this.RenderPassDepthStencilAttachmentPtr(off(4)),
					occlusionQuerySet: this.QuerySet(off(4)),
					timestampWrites: this.RenderPassTimestampWritesPtr(off(4)),
					maxDrawCount: maxDrawCount,
				};

				const renderPassEncoder = commandEncoder.beginRenderPass(descriptor);
				return this.renderPassEncoders.create(renderPassEncoder);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} commandEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} bufferIdx
			 * @param {BigInt} offset
			 * @param {BigInt} size
			 */
			wgpuCommandEncoderClearBuffer: (commandEncoderIdx, bufferIdx, offset, size) => {
				const commandEncoder = this.commandEncoders.get(commandEncoderIdx);
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx);
				offset = this.unwrapBigInt(offset);
				size = this.unwrapBigInt(size);
				commandEncoder.clearBuffer(buffer.buffer, offset, size);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} commandEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} sourceIdx
			 * @param {BigInt} sourceOffset
			 * @param {number} destinationIdx
			 * @param {BigInt} destinationOffset
			 * @param {BigInt} size
			 */
			wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToBuffer: (commandEncoderIdx, sourceIdx, sourceOffset, destinationIdx, destinationOffset, size) => {
				const commandEncoder = this.commandEncoders.get(commandEncoderIdx);
				const source = this.buffers.get(sourceIdx);
				const destination = this.buffers.get(destinationIdx);
				sourceOffset = this.unwrapBigInt(sourceOffset);
				destinationOffset = this.unwrapBigInt(destinationOffset);
				size = this.unwrapBigInt(size);
				commandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer(source.buffer, sourceOffset, destination.buffer, destinationOffset, size);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} commandEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} sourcePtr
			 * @param {number} destinationPtr
			 * @param {number} copySizePtr
			 */
			wgpuCommandEncoderCopyBufferToTexture: (commandEncoderIdx, sourcePtr, destinationPtr, copySizePtr) => {
				const commandEncoder = this.commandEncoders.get(commandEncoderIdx);
				commandEncoder.copyBufferToTexture(
					this.TexelCopyBufferInfo(sourcePtr),
					this.TexelCopyTextureInfo(destinationPtr),
					this.Extent3D(copySizePtr),
				);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} commandEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} sourcePtr
			 * @param {number} destinationPtr
			 * @param {number} copySizePtr
			 */
			wgpuCommandEncoderCopyTextureToBuffer: (commandEncoderIdx, sourcePtr, destinationPtr, copySizePtr) => {
				const commandEncoder = this.commandEncoders.get(commandEncoderIdx);
				commandEncoder.copyTextureToBuffer(
					this.TexelCopyTextureInfo(sourcePtr),
					this.TexelCopyBufferInfo(destinationPtr),
					this.Extent3D(copySizePtr),
				);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} commandEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} sourcePtr
			 * @param {number} destinationPtr
			 * @param {number} copySizePtr
			 */
			wgpuCommandEncoderCopyTextureToTexture: (commandEncoderIdx, sourcePtr, destinationPtr, copySizePtr) => {
				const commandEncoder = this.commandEncoders.get(commandEncoderIdx);
				commandEncoder.copyTextureToTexture(
					this.TexelCopyTextureInfo(sourcePtr),
					this.TexelCopyTextureInfo(destinationPtr),
					this.Extent3D(copySizePtr),
				);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} commandEncoderIdx
			 * @param {0|number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number} The command buffer.
			 */
			wgpuCommandEncoderFinish: (commandEncoderIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const commandEncoder = this.commandEncoders.get(commandEncoderIdx);

				/** @type {undefined|GPUCommandBufferDescriptor} */
				let descriptor;
				if (descriptorPtr != 0) {
					descriptor = {
						label: this.StringView(descriptorPtr + 4),
					};
				}

				const commandBuffer = commandEncoder.finish(descriptor);
				return this.commandBuffers.create(commandBuffer);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} commandEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} markerLabelPtr
			 * @param {number} markerLabelLen
			 */
			wgpuCommandEncoderInsertDebugMarker: (commandEncoderIdx, markerLabelPtr, markerLabelLen) => {
				const commandEncoder = this.commandEncoders.get(commandEncoderIdx);
				commandEncoder.insertDebugMarker(this.mem.loadString(markerLabelPtr, markerLabelLen));
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} commandEncoderIdx
			 */
			wgpuCommandEncoderPopDebugGroup: (commandEncoderIdx) => {
				const commandEncoder = this.commandEncoders.get(commandEncoderIdx);
				commandEncoder.popDebugGroup();
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} commandEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} groupLabelPtr
			 * @param {number} groupLabelLen
			 */
			wgpuCommandEncoderPushDebugGroup: (commandEncoderIdx, groupLabelPtr, groupLabelLen) => {
				const commandEncoder = this.commandEncoders.get(commandEncoderIdx);
				commandEncoder.pushDebugGroup(this.mem.loadString(groupLabelPtr, groupLabelLen));
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} commandEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} querySetIdx
			 * @param {number} firstQuery
			 * @param {number} queryCount
			 * @param {number} destinationIdx
			 * @param {BigInt} destinationOffset
			 */
			wgpuCommandEncoderResolveQuerySet: (commandEncoderIdx, querySetIdx, firstQuery, queryCount, destinationIdx, destinationOffset) => {
				const commandEncoder = this.commandEncoders.get(commandEncoderIdx);
				const querySet = this.querySets.get(querySetIdx);
				const destination = this.buffers.get(destinationIdx);
				destinationOffset = this.unwrapBigInt(destinationOffset);
				commandEncoder.resolveQuerySet(querySet, firstQuery, queryCount, destination.buffer, destinationOffset);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} commandEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} querySetIdx
			 * @param {number} queryIndex
			 */
			wgpuCommandEncoderWriteTimestamp: (commandEncoderIdx, querySetIdx, queryIndex) => {
				const commandEncoder = this.commandEncoders.get(commandEncoderIdx);
				const querySet = this.querySets.get(querySetIdx);
				commandEncoder.writeTimestamp(querySet, queryIndex);
			},

			...this.commandEncoders.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- ComputePassEncoder ---------------------- */


			/**
			 * @param {number} computePassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} workgroupCountX
			 * @param {number} workgroupCountY
			 * @param {number} workgroupCountZ
			 */
			wgpuComputePassEncoderDispatchWorkgroups: (computePassEncoderIdx, workgroupCountX, workgroupCountY, workgroupCountZ) => {
				const computePassEncoder = this.computePassEncoders.get(computePassEncoderIdx);
				computePassEncoder.dispatchWorkgroups(workgroupCountX, workgroupCountY, workgroupCountZ);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} computePassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} indirectBufferIdx
			 * @param {BigInt} indirectOffset
			 */
			wgpuComputePassEncoderDispatchWorkgroupsIndirect: (computePassEncoderIdx, indirectBufferIdx, indirectOffset) => {
				const computePassEncoder = this.computePassEncoders.get(computePassEncoderIdx);
				const indirectBuffer = this.buffers.get(indirectBufferIdx);
				indirectOffset = this.unwrapBigInt(indirectOffset);
				computePassEncoder.dispatchWorkgroupsIndirect(indirectBuffer.buffer, indirectOffset);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} computePassEncoderIdx
			 */
			wgpuComputePassEncoderEnd: (computePassEncoderIdx) => {
				const computePassEncoder = this.computePassEncoders.get(computePassEncoderIdx);
				computePassEncoder.end();
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} computePassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} markerLabelPtr
			 * @param {number} markerLabelLen
			 */
			wgpuComputePassEncoderInsertDebugMarker: (computePassEncoderIdx, markerLabelPtr, markerLabelLen) => {
				const computePassEncoder = this.computePassEncoders.get(computePassEncoderIdx);
				computePassEncoder.insertDebugMarker(this.mem.loadString(markerLabelPtr, markerLabelLen));
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} computePassEncoderIdx
			 */
			wgpuComputePassEncoderPopDebugGroup: (computePassEncoderIdx) => {
				const computePassEncoder = this.computePassEncoders.get(computePassEncoderIdx);
				computePassEncoder.popDebugGroup();
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} computePassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} groupLabelPtr
			 * @param {number} groupLabelLen
			 */
			wgpuComputePassEncoderPushDebugGroup: (computePassEncoderIdx, groupLabelPtr, groupLabelLen) => {
				const computePassEncoder = this.computePassEncoders.get(computePassEncoderIdx);
				computePassEncoder.pushDebugGroup(this.mem.loadString(groupLabelPtr, groupLabelLen));
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} computePassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} groupIndex
			 * @param {0|number} groupIdx
			 * @param {number|BigInt} dynamicOffsetCount
			 * @param {number} dynamicOffsetsPtr
			 */
			wgpuComputePassEncoderSetBindGroup: (computePassEncoderIdx, groupIndex, groupIdx, dynamicOffsetCount, dynamicOffsetsPtr) => {
				const computePassEncoder = this.computePassEncoders.get(computePassEncoderIdx);
				dynamicOffsetCount = this.unwrapBigInt(dynamicOffsetCount);

				let bindGroup;
				if (groupIdx != 0) {
					bindGroup = this.bindGroups.get(groupIdx);
				}

				const dynamicOffsets = [];
				for (let i = 0; i < dynamicOffsetCount; i += 1) {
					dynamicOffsets.push(this.mem.loadU32(dynamicOffsetsPtr));
					dynamicOffsetsPtr += 4;
				}

				computePassEncoder.setBindGroup(groupIndex, bindGroup, dynamicOffsets);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} computePassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} pipelineIdx
			 */
			wgpuComputePassEncoderSetPipeline: (computePassEncoderIdx, pipelineIdx) => {
				const computePassEncoder = this.computePassEncoders.get(computePassEncoderIdx);
				const pipeline = this.computePipelines.get(pipelineIdx);
				computePassEncoder.setPipeline(pipeline);
			},

			...this.computePassEncoders.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- ComputePipeline ---------------------- */

			/**
			 * @param {number} computePipelineIdx
			 * @param {number} groupIndex
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuComputePipelineGetBindGroupLayout: (computePipelineIdx, groupIndex) => {
				const computePipeline = this.computePipelines.get(computePipelineIdx);
				const bindGroupLayout = computePipeline.getBindGroupLayout(groupIndex);
				return this.bindGroupLayouts.create(bindGroupLayout);
			},

			...this.computePipelines.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- Device ---------------------- */

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number} The bind group.
			 */
			wgpuDeviceCreateBindGroup: (deviceIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				this.assert(descriptorPtr != 0);

				const off = this.struct(descriptorPtr);
				off(4);

				/** @type {GPUBindGroupDescriptor} */
				const descriptor = {
					label: this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView)),
					layout: this.bindGroupLayouts.get(this.mem.loadPtr(off(4))),
					entries: this.array(
						this.mem.loadUint(off(this.mem.intSize)),
						this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
						this.BindGroupEntry,
						this.sizes.BindGroupEntry[0],
					),
				};
			
				const bindGroup = device.createBindGroup(descriptor);
				return this.bindGroups.create(bindGroup);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number} The bind group layout.
			 */
			wgpuDeviceCreateBindGroupLayout: (deviceIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				this.assert(descriptorPtr != 0);

				const off = this.struct(descriptorPtr);
				off(4);

				/** @type {GPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor} */
				const descriptor = {
					label: this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView)),
					entries: this.array(
						this.mem.loadUint(off(this.mem.intSize)),
						this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
						this.BindGroupLayoutEntry,
						this.sizes.BindGroupLayoutEntry[0],
					),
				};

				const bindGroupLayout = device.createBindGroupLayout(descriptor);
				return this.bindGroupLayouts.create(bindGroupLayout);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number} The buffer.
			 */
			wgpuDeviceCreateBuffer: (deviceIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				this.assert(descriptorPtr != 0);

				const off = this.struct(descriptorPtr);
				off(4);

				/** @type {GPUBufferDescriptor} */
				const descriptor = {
					label: this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView)),
					usage: this.mem.loadU64(off(8)),
					size: this.mem.loadU64(off(8)),
					mappedAtCreation: this.mem.loadB32(off(4)),
				};

				const buffer = device.createBuffer(descriptor);
				return this.buffers.create({buffer: buffer, mapping: null});
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {0|number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number} The command encoder.
			 */
			wgpuDeviceCreateCommandEncoder: (deviceIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);

				/** @type {GPUCommandEncoderDescriptor} */
				let descriptor;
				if (descriptor != 0) {
					descriptor = {
						label: this.StringView(descriptorPtr + 4),
					};
				}

				const commandEncoder = device.createCommandEncoder(descriptor);
				return this.commandEncoders.create(commandEncoder);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number} The compute pipeline.
			 */
			wgpuDeviceCreateComputePipeline: (deviceIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				this.assert(descriptorPtr != 0);
				const computePipeline = device.createComputePipeline(this.ComputePipelineDescriptor(descriptorPtr));
				return this.computePipelines.create(computePipeline);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} descriptorPtr
			 * @param {number} callbackInfo
			 */
			wgpuDeviceCreateComputePipelineAsync: (deviceIdx, descriptorPtr, callbackInfoPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);

				this.assert(descriptorPtr != 0);

				const callbackInfo = this.CallbackInfo(callbackInfoPtr);
				device.createComputePipelineAsync(this.ComputePipelineDescriptor(descriptorPtr))
					.catch((e) => {
						const messageAddr = this.makeMessageArg(e.message);
						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.CreatePipelineAsyncStatus.indexOf("Unknown"), 0, messageAddr]);
						this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(messageAddr);
					})
					.then((computePipeline) => {
						const pipelineIdx = this.computePipelines.create(computePipeline);
						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.CreatePipelineAsyncStatus.indexOf("Success"), pipelineIdx, this.zeroMessageArg()]);
					});

				// TODO: returning futures?
				return BigInt(0);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number} The pipeline layout.
			 */
			wgpuDeviceCreatePipelineLayout: (deviceIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				this.assert(descriptorPtr != 0);

				const off = this.struct(descriptorPtr);
				off(4);

				/** @type {GPUPipelineLayoutDescriptor} */
				const descriptor = {
					label: this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView)),
					bindGroupLayouts: this.array(
						this.mem.loadUint(off(this.mem.intSize)),
						this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
						(ptr) => this.bindGroupLayouts.get(this.mem.loadPtr(ptr)),
						4,
					),
				};

				const pipelineLayout = device.createPipelineLayout(descriptor);
				return this.pipelineLayouts.create(pipelineLayout);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number} The query set.
			 */
			wgpuDeviceCreateQuerySet: (deviceIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				this.assert(descriptorPtr != 0);

				const off = this.struct(descriptorPtr);
				off(4);

				/** @type {GPUQuerySetDescriptor} */
				const descriptor = {
					label: this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView)),
					type:  this.enumeration("QueryType", off(4)),
					count: this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
				};

				const querySet = device.createQuerySet(descriptor);
				return this.querySets.create(querySet);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number} The query set.
			 */
			wgpuDeviceCreateRenderBundleEncoder: (deviceIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				this.assert(descriptorPtr != 0);

				const off = this.struct(descriptorPtr);
				off(4);

				/** @type {GPURenderBundleEncoderDescriptor} */
				const descriptor = {
					label: this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView)),
					colorFormats: this.array(
						this.mem.loadUint(off(this.mem.intSize)),
						this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
						this.TextureFormat,
						4,
					),
					depthStencilFormat: this.enumeration("TextureFormat", off(4)),
					sampleCount:        this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
					depthReadOnly:      this.mem.loadB32(off(4)),
					stencilReadOnly:    this.mem.loadB32(off(4)),
				};

				const renderBundleEncoder = device.createRenderBundleEncoder(descriptor);
				return this.renderBundleEncoders.create(renderBundleEncoder);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number} The render pipeline.
			 */
			wgpuDeviceCreateRenderPipeline: (deviceIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				this.assert(descriptorPtr != 0);

				const descriptor = this.RenderPipelineDescriptor(descriptorPtr);
				const renderPipeline = device.createRenderPipeline(descriptor);
				return this.renderPipelines.create(renderPipeline);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} descriptorPtr
			 * @param {number} callbackInfo
			 */
			wgpuDeviceCreateRenderPipelineAsync: (deviceIdx, descriptorPtr, callbackInfoPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				this.assert(descriptorPtr != 0);

				const callbackInfo = this.CallbackInfo(callbackInfoPtr);
				device.createRenderPipelineAsync(this.RenderPipelineDescriptor(descriptorPtr))
					.catch((e) => {
						const messageAddr = this.makeMessageArg(e.message);
						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.CreatePipelineAsyncStatus.indexOf("Unknown"), 0, messageAddr]);
						this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(messageAddr);
					})
					.then((renderPipeline) => {
						const renderPipelineIdx = this.renderPipelines.create(renderPipeline);
						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.CreatePipelineAsyncStatus.indexOf("Success"), renderPipelineIdx, this.zeroMessageArg()]);
					});

				// TODO: returning futures?
				return BigInt(0);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {0|number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number} The sampler.
			 */
			wgpuDeviceCreateSampler: (deviceIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);

				/** @type {?GPUSamplerDescriptor} */
				let descriptor;
				if (descriptorPtr != 0) {
					const off = this.struct(descriptorPtr);
					off(4);
					descriptor = {
						label:         this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView)),
						addressModeU:  this.enumeration("AddressMode", off(4)),
						addressModeV:  this.enumeration("AddressMode", off(4)),
						addressModeW:  this.enumeration("AddressMode", off(4)),
						magFilter:     this.enumeration("FilterMode", off(4)),
						minFilter:     this.enumeration("FilterMode", off(4)),
						mipmapFilter:  this.enumeration("MipmapFilterMode", off(4)),
						lodMinClamp:   this.mem.loadF32(off(4)),
						lodMaxClamp:   this.mem.loadF32(off(4)),
						compare:       this.enumeration("CompareFunction", off(4)),
						maxAnisotropy: this.mem.loadU16(off(2)),
					};
				}

				const sampler = device.createSampler(descriptor);
				return this.samplers.create(sampler);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number} The shader module.
			 */
			wgpuDeviceCreateShaderModule: (deviceIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				this.assert(descriptorPtr != 0);

				const off = this.struct(descriptorPtr);

				const nextInChain = this.mem.loadPtr(off(4));

				const chainOff = this.struct(nextInChain);
				chainOff(4);

				const nextInChainType = this.mem.loadI32(chainOff(4));

				// ShaderSourceWGSL = 0x00000002,
				if (nextInChainType != 2) {
					throw new TypeError(`Descriptor type should be 'ShaderSourceWGSL', got ${nextInChainType}`);
				}

				/** @type {GPUShaderModuleDescriptor} */
				const descriptor = {
					label: this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView)),
					code: this.StringView(chainOff(this.sizes.StringView)),
				};

				const shaderModule = device.createShaderModule(descriptor);
				return this.shaderModules.create(shaderModule);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number} The texture.
			 */
			wgpuDeviceCreateTexture: (deviceIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				this.assert(descriptorPtr != 0);

				const off = this.struct(descriptorPtr);
				off(4);

				/** @type {GPUTextureDescriptor} */
				const descriptor = {
					label: this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView)),
					usage: this.mem.loadU64(off(8)),
					dimension: this.enumeration("TextureDimension", off(4)),
					size: this.Extent3D(off(this.sizes.Extent3D)),
					format: this.enumeration("TextureFormat", off(4)),
					mipLevelCount: this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
					sampleCount: this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
					viewFormats: this.array(
						this.mem.loadUint(off(this.mem.intSize)),
						this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
						(ptr) => this.enumeration("TextureFormat", ptr),
						4,
					),
				};

				const texture = device.createTexture(descriptor);
				return this.textures.create(texture);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 */
			wgpuDeviceDestroy: (deviceIdx) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				device.destroy();
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} infoPtr
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuDeviceGetAdapterInfo: (deviceIdx, infoPtr) => {
				return this.genericGetAdapterInfo(infoPtr);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} featuresPtr
			 */
			wgpuDeviceGetFeatures: (deviceIdx, featuresPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				return this.genericGetFeatures(device.features, featuresPtr);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} limitsPtr
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuDeviceGetLimits: (deviceIdx, limitsPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				return this.genericGetLimits(device.limits, limitsPtr);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuDeviceGetLostFuture: (deviceIdx) => {
				// TODO: futures?
				return BigInt(0);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuDeviceGetQueue: (deviceIdx) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				return this.queues.create(device.queue);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} featureInt
			 * @returns {boolean}
			 */
			wgpuDeviceHasFeature: (deviceIdx, featureInt) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				return device.features.has(ENUMS.FeatureName[featureInt]);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} callbackInfo
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuDevicePopErrorScope: (deviceIdx, callbackInfoPtr) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);

				const callbackInfo = this.CallbackInfo(callbackInfoPtr);
				device.popErrorScope()
					.then((error) => {
						if (!error) {
							this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.PopErrorScopeStatus.indexOf("Success"), ENUMS.ErrorType.indexOf("no-error"), this.zeroMessageArg()]);
							return;
						}

						let status;
						if (error instanceof GPUValidationError) {
							status = ENUMS.ErrorType.indexOf("validation");
						} else if (error instanceof GPUOutOfMemoryError) {
							status = ENUMS.ErrorType.indexOf("out-of-memory");
						} else if (error instanceof GPUInternalError) {
							status = ENUMS.ErrorType.indexOf("internal");
						} else {
							status = ENUMS.ErrorType.indexOf("unknown");
						}

						const messageAddr = error.message;
						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.PopErrorScopeStatus.indexOf("Success"), status, messageAddr]);
						this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(messageAddr);
					});

				// TODO: futures?
				return BigInt(0);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} deviceIdx
			 * @param {number} filterInt 
			 */
			wgpuDevicePushErrorScope: (deviceIdx, filterInt) => {
				const device = this.devices.get(deviceIdx);
				device.pushErrorScope(ENUMS.ErrorFilter[filterInt]);
			},

			...this.devices.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- Instance ---------------------- */

			/**
			 * @param {number} instanceIdx
			 * @param {number} descriptorPtr
			 */
			wgpuInstanceCreateSurface: (instanceIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				this.assert(instanceIdx > 0);
				this.assert(descriptorPtr != 0);

				const off = this.struct(descriptorPtr);

				const nextInChain = this.mem.loadPtr(off(4));

				const chainOff = this.struct(nextInChain);
				chainOff(4);

				const nextInChainType = this.mem.loadI32(chainOff(4));

				// SurfaceSourceCanvasHTMLSelector = 0x00040001,
				if (nextInChainType != 0x00040001) {
					throw new TypeError(`Descriptor type should be 'SurfaceSourceCanvasHTMLSelector', got ${nextInChainType}`);
				}

				const selector = this.StringView(chainOff(this.sizes.StringView));
				const surface = document.querySelector(selector);
				if (!surface) {
					throw new Error(`Selector '${selector}' did not match any element`);
				}
				if (!(surface instanceof HTMLCanvasElement)) {
					throw new Error('Selector matches an element that is not a canvas');
				}

				return this.surfaces.create(surface);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} instanceIdx
			 * @param {number} featurePtr
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuInstanceGetWGSLLanguageFeatures: (instanceIdx, featuresPtr) => {
				this.assert(featuresPtr != 0);

				const availableFeatures = [];
				ENUMS.WGSLLanguageFeatureName.forEach((feature, value) => {
					if (!feature) {
						return;
					}

					if (navigator.gpu.wgslLanguageFeatures.has(feature)) {
						availableFeatures.push(value);
					}
				});

				if (availableFeatures.length === 0) {
					return;
				}

				const featuresAddr = this.mem.exports.wgpu_alloc(availableFeatures.length * 4);
				this.assert(featuresAddr != 0);

				let off = this.struct(featuresPtr);
				this.mem.storeUint(off(this.mem.intSize), availableFeatures.length);
				this.mem.storeI32(off(4), featuresAddr);

				off = this.struct(featuresAddr);	
				for (let i = 0; i < availableFeatures.length; i += 1) {
					this.mem.storeI32(off(4), availableFeatures[i]);
				}

				return STATUS_SUCCESS;
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} instanceIdx
			 * @param {number} featureInt
			 * @returns {boolean}
			 */
			wgpuInstanceHasWGSLLanguageFeature: (instanceIdx, featureInt) => {
				return navigator.gpu.wgslLanguageFeatures.has(ENUMS.WGSLLanguageFeatureName[featureInt]);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} instanceIdx
			 */
			wgpuInstanceProcessEvents: (instanceIdx) => {
				console.warn("unimplemented: wgpuInstanceProcessEvents");
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} instanceIdx
			 * @param {0|number} optionsPtr
			 * @param {number} callbackInfo
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuInstanceRequestAdapter: (instanceIdx, optionsPtr, callbackInfoPtr) => {
				this.assert(instanceIdx > 0);

				/** @type {GPURequestAdapterOptions} */
				let options;
				if (optionsPtr != 0) {
					const off = this.struct(optionsPtr);
					off(4); // nextInChain
					off(4); // featureLevel
					options = {
						powerPreference: this.enumeration("PowerPreference", off(4)),
						forceFallbackAdapter: this.mem.loadB32(off(4)),
					};
				}

				const callbackInfo = this.CallbackInfo(callbackInfoPtr);
				navigator.gpu.requestAdapter(options)
					.catch((e) => {
						const messageAddr = this.makeMessageArg(e.message);
						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.RequestAdapterStatus.indexOf("Error"), null, messageAddr]);
						this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(messageAddr);
					})
					.then((adapter) => {
						const adapterIdx = this.adapters.create(adapter);

						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.RequestAdapterStatus.indexOf("Success"), adapterIdx, this.zeroMessageArg()]);
					});

				// TODO: futures?
				return BigInt(0);
			},

			wgpuInstanceWaitAny: (instanceIdx, futureCount, futuresPtr, timeoutNS) => {
				// TODO: futures?
				console.warn("unimplemented: wgpuInstanceProcessEvents");
				return BigInt(0);
			},

			...this.instances.interface(false),

			/* ---------------------- PipelineLayout ---------------------- */

			...this.pipelineLayouts.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- QuerySet ---------------------- */

			/**
			 * @param {number} querySetIdx
			 */
			wgpuQuerySetDestroy: (querySetIdx) => {
				const querySet = this.querySets.get(querySetIdx);
				querySet.destroy();
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} querySetIdx
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuQuerySetGetCount: (querySetIdx) => {
				const querySet = this.querySets.get(querySetIdx);
				return querySet.count;
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} querySetIdx
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuQuerySetGetType: (querySetIdx) => {
				const querySet = this.querySets.get(querySetIdx);
				return ENUMS.QueryType.indexOf(querySet.type);
			},

			...this.querySets.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- Queue ---------------------- */

			/**
			 * @param {number} queueIdx
			 * @param {number} callbackInfo
			 */
			wgpuQueueOnSubmittedWorkDone: (queueIdx, callbackInfoPtr) => {
				const queue = this.queues.get(queueIdx);

				const callbackInfo = this.CallbackInfo(callbackInfoPtr);
				queue.onSubmittedWorkDone()
					.catch((e) => {
						console.warn(e);
						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.QueueWorkDoneStatus.indexOf("Error")]);
					})
					.then(() => {
						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.QueueWorkDoneStatus.indexOf("Success")]);
					});

				// TODO: futures?
				return BigInt(0);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} queueIdx
			 * @param {BigInt|number} commandCount
			 * @param {number} commandsPtr
			 */
			wgpuQueueSubmit: (queueIdx, commandCount, commandsPtr) => {
				const queue = this.queues.get(queueIdx);
				const commands = this.array(
					this.unwrapBigInt(commandCount),
					commandsPtr,
					(ptr) => this.commandBuffers.get(this.mem.loadPtr(ptr)),
					4,
				);
				queue.submit(commands);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} queueIdx
			 * @param {number} bufferIdx 
			 * @param {BigInt} bufferOffset
			 * @param {number} dataPtr
			 * @param {number|BigInt} size
			 */
			wgpuQueueWriteBuffer: (queueIdx, bufferIdx, bufferOffset, dataPtr, size) => {
				const queue = this.queues.get(queueIdx);
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx);
				bufferOffset = this.unwrapBigInt(bufferOffset);
				size = this.unwrapBigInt(size);
				queue.writeBuffer(buffer.buffer, bufferOffset, this.mem.loadBytes(dataPtr, size), 0, size);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} queueIdx
			 * @param {number} destinationPtr
			 * @param {number} dataPtr
			 * @param {number|BigInt} dataSize
			 * @param {number} dataLayoutPtr
			 * @param {number} writeSizePtr
			 */
			wgpuQueueWriteTexture: (queueIdx, destinationPtr, dataPtr, dataSize, dataLayoutPtr, writeSizePtr) => {
				const queue = this.queues.get(queueIdx);
				const destination = this.TexelCopyTextureInfo(destinationPtr);
				dataSize = this.unwrapBigInt(dataSize);
				const dataLayout = this.TexelCopyBufferLayout(dataLayoutPtr);
				const writeSize = this.Extent3D(writeSizePtr);
				queue.writeTexture(destination, this.mem.loadBytes(dataPtr, dataSize), dataLayout, writeSize);
			},

			...this.queues.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- RenderBundle ---------------------- */

			...this.renderBundles.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- RenderBundleEncoder ---------------------- */

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderBundleEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} vertexCount
			 * @param {number} instanceCount
			 * @param {number} firstVertex
			 * @param {number} firstInstance
			 */
			wgpuRenderBundleEncoderDraw: (renderBundleEncoderIdx, vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance) => {
				const renderBundleEncoder = this.renderBundleEncoders.get(renderBundleEncoderIdx);
				renderBundleEncoder.draw(vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderBundleEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} indexCount
			 * @param {number} instanceCount
			 * @param {number} firstIndex
			 * @param {number} baseVertex
			 * @param {number} firstInstance
			 */
			wgpuRenderBundleEncoderDrawIndexed: (renderBundleEncoderIdx, indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, baseVertex, firstInstance) => {
				const renderBundleEncoder = this.renderBundleEncoders.get(renderBundleEncoderIdx);
				renderBundleEncoder.drawIndexed(indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, baseVertex, firstInstance);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderBundleEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} indirectBufferIdx
			 * @param {BigInt} indirectOffset
			 */
			wgpuRenderBundleEncoderDrawIndexedIndirect: (renderBundleEncoderIdx, indirectBufferIdx, indirectOffset) => {
				const renderBundleEncoder = this.renderBundleEncoders.get(renderBundleEncoderIdx);
				indirectOffset = this.unwrapBigInt(indirectOffset);
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(indirectBufferIdx);
				renderBundleEncoder.drawIndexedIndirect(buffer.buffer, indirectOffset);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderBundleEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} indirectBufferIdx
			 * @param {BigInt} indirectOffset
			 */
			wgpuRenderBundleEncoderDrawIndirect: (renderBundleEncoderIdx, indirectBufferIdx, indirectOffset) => {
				const renderBundleEncoder = this.renderBundleEncoders.get(renderBundleEncoderIdx);
				indirectOffset = this.unwrapBigInt(indirectOffset);
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(indirectBufferIdx);
				renderBundleEncoder.drawIndirect(buffer.buffer, indirectOffset);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderBundleEncoderIdx
			 * @param {0|number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuRenderBundleEncoderFinish: (renderBundleEncoderIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const renderBundleEncoder = this.renderBundleEncoders.get(renderBundleEncoderIdx);

				/** @type {?GPURenderBundleDescriptor} */
				let descriptor;
				if (descriptorPtr != 0) {
					descriptor = {
						label: this.StringView(descriptorPtr + 4),
					};
				}

				const renderBundle = renderBundleEncoder.finish(descriptor);
				return this.renderBundles.create(renderBundle);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderBundleEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} markerLabelPtr
			 * @param {number} markerLabelLen
			 */
			wgpuRenderBundleEncoderInsertDebugMarker: (renderBundleEncoderIdx, markerLabelPtr, markerLabelLen) => {
				const renderBundleEncoder = this.renderBundleEncoders.get(renderBundleEncoderIdx);
				this.assert(markerLabelPtr != 0);
				const markerLabel = this.mem.loadString(markerLabelPtr, markerLabelLen);
				renderBundleEncoder.insertDebugMarker(markerLabel);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderBundleEncoderIdx
			 */
			wgpuRenderBundleEncoderPopDebugGroup: (renderBundleEncoderIdx) => {
				const renderBundleEncoder = this.renderBundleEncoders.get(renderBundleEncoderIdx);
				renderBundleEncoder.popDebugGroup();
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderBundleEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} groupLabelPtr
			 * @param {number} grouplabelLen
			 */
			wgpuRenderBundleEncoderPushDebugGroup: (renderBundleEncoderIdx, groupLabelPtr, grouplabelLen) => {
				const renderBundleEncoder = this.renderBundleEncoders.get(renderBundleEncoderIdx);
				this.assert(groupLabelPtr!= 0);
				const groupLabel = this.mem.loadString(groupLabelPtr, groupLabelLen);
				renderBundleEncoder.pushDebugGroup(groupLabel);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderBundleEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} groupIndex
			 * @param {0|number} groupIdx
			 * @param {number|BigInt} dynamicOffsetCount
			 * @param {number} dynamicOffsetsPtr
			 */
			wgpuRenderBundleEncoderSetBindGroup: (renderBundleEncoderIdx, groupIndex, groupIdx, dynamicOffsetCount, dynamicOffsetsPtr) => {
				const renderBundleEncoder = this.renderBundleEncoders.get(renderBundleEncoderIdx);

				let group;
				if (groupIdx > 0) {
					group = this.bindGroups.get(groupIdx);
				}

				dynamicOffsetCount = this.unwrapBigInt(dynamicOffsetCount);
				const dynamicOffsets = this.array(
					dynamicOffsetCount,
					dynamicOffsetsPtr,
					(ptr) => this.mem.loadU32(ptr),
					4
				);

				renderBundleEncoder.setBindGroup(groupIndex, group, dynamicOffsets);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderBundleEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} bufferIdx
			 * @param {number} formatInt
			 * @param {BigInt} offset
			 * @param {BigInt} size
			 */
			wgpuRenderBundleEncoderSetIndexBuffer: (renderBundleEncoderIdx, bufferIdx, formatInt, offset, size) => {
				const renderBundleEncoder = this.renderBundleEncoders.get(renderBundleEncoderIdx);
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx);
				const format = ENUMS.IndexFormat[formatInt];
				offset = this.unwrapBigInt(offset);
				size = this.unwrapBigInt(size);
				renderBundleEncoder.setIndexBuffer(buffer.buffer, format, offset, size);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderBundleEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} pipelineIdx
			 */
			wgpuRenderBundleEncoderSetPipeline: (renderBundleEncoderIdx, pipelineIdx) => {
				const renderBundleEncoder = this.renderBundleEncoders.get(renderBundleEncoderIdx);
				const pipeline = this.renderPipelines.get(pipelineIdx);
				renderBundleEncoder.setPipeline(pipeline);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderBundleEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} slot
			 * @param {0|number} bufferIdx
			 * @param {BigInt} offset
			 * @param {BigInt} size
			 */
			wgpuRenderBundleEncoderSetVertexBuffer: (renderBundleEncoderIdx, slot, bufferIdx, offset, size) => {
				const renderBundleEncoder = this.renderBundleEncoders.get(renderBundleEncoderIdx);

				let buffer;
				if (bufferIdx > 0) {
					buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx).buffer;
				}

				offset = this.unwrapBigInt(offset);
				size = this.unwrapBigInt(size);
				renderBundleEncoder.setVertexBuffer(slot, buffer, offset, size);
			},

			...this.renderBundleEncoders.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- RenderPassEncoder ---------------------- */

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} queryIndex
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderBeginOcclusionQuery: (renderPassEncoderIdx, queryIndex) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				renderPassEncoder.beginOcclusionQuery(queryIndex);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} vertexCount
			 * @param {number} instanceCount
			 * @param {number} firstVertex
			 * @param {number} firstInstance
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderDraw: (renderPassEncoderIdx, vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				renderPassEncoder.draw(vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} indexCount
			 * @param {number} instanceCount
			 * @param {number} firstIndex
			 * @param {number} baseVertex
			 * @param {number} firstInstance
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderDrawIndexed: (renderPassEncoderIdx, indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, baseVertex, firstInstance) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				renderPassEncoder.drawIndexed(indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, baseVertex, firstInstance);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} indirectBufferIdx
			 * @param {BigInt} indirectOffset
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderDrawIndexedIndirect: (renderPassEncoderIdx, indirectBufferIdx, indirectOffset) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(indirectBufferIdx);
				indirectOffset = this.unwrapBigInt(indirectOffset);
				renderPassEncoder.drawIndexedIndirect(buffer.buffer, indirectOffset);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} indirectBufferIdx
			 * @param {BigInt} indirectOffset
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderDrawIndirect: (renderPassEncoderIdx, indirectBufferIdx, indirectOffset) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(indirectBufferIdx);
				indirectOffset = this.unwrapBigInt(indirectOffset);
				renderPassEncoder.drawIndirect(buffer.buffer, indirectOffset);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderEnd: (renderPassEncoderIdx) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				renderPassEncoder.end();
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderEndOcclusionQuery: (renderPassEncoderIdx) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				renderPassEncoder.endOcclusionQuery();
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number|BigInt} bundleCount
			 * @param {number} bundlesPtr
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderExecuteBundles: (renderPassEncoderIdx, bundleCount, bundlesPtr) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				bundleCount = this.unwrapBigInt(bundleCount);
				const bundles = this.array(
					bundleCount,
					bundlesPtr,
					(ptr) => this.renderBundles.get(this.mem.loadPtr(ptr)),
					4,
				);
				renderPassEncoder.executeBundles(bundles);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} markerLabelPtr
			 * @param {number} markerLabelLen
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderInsertDebugMarker: (renderPassEncoderIdx, markerLabelPtr, markerLabelLen) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				const markerLabel = this.mem.loadString(markerLabelPtr, markerLabelLen);
				renderPassEncoder.insertDebugMarker(markerLabel);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderPopDebugGroup: (renderPassEncoderIdx) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				renderPassEncoder.popDebugGroup();
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} groupLabelPtr
			 * @param {number} groupLabelLen
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderPushDebugGroup: (renderPassEncoderIdx, groupLabelPtr, groupLabelLen) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				const groupLabel = this.mem.loadString(groupLabelPtr, groupLabelLen);
				renderPassEncoder.pushDebugGroup(groupLabel);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} groupIndex
			 * @param {0|number} groupIdx
			 * @param {number|BigInt} dynamicOffsetCount
			 * @param {number} dynamicOffsetsPtr
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetBindGroup: (renderPassEncoderIdx, groupIndex, groupIdx, dynamicOffsetCount, dynamicOffsetsPtr) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);

				let group;
				if (groupIdx > 0) {
					group = this.bindGroups.get(groupIdx);
				}

				dynamicOffsetCount = this.unwrapBigInt(dynamicOffsetCount);
				const dynamicOffsets = this.array(
					dynamicOffsetCount,
					dynamicOffsetsPtr,
					(ptr) => this.mem.loadU32(ptr),
					4
				);	

				renderPassEncoder.setBindGroup(groupIndex, group, dynamicOffsets);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} colorPtr
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetBlendConstant: (renderPassEncoderIdx, colorPtr) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				this.assert(colorPtr != 0);
				renderPassEncoder.setBlendConstant(this.Color(colorPtr));
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} bufferIdx
			 * @param {number} formatInt
			 * @param {BigInt} offset
			 * @param {BigInt} size
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetIndexBuffer: (renderPassEncoderIdx, bufferIdx, formatInt, offset, size) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				const buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx);
				const format = ENUMS.IndexFormat[formatInt];
				offset = this.unwrapBigInt(offset);
				size = this.unwrapBigInt(size);
				renderPassEncoder.setIndexBuffer(buffer.buffer, format, offset, size);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} pipelineIdx
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetPipeline: (renderPassEncoderIdx, pipelineIdx) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				const pipeline = this.renderPipelines.get(pipelineIdx);
				renderPassEncoder.setPipeline(pipeline);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} x
			 * @param {number} y
			 * @param {number} width
			 * @param {number} height
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetScissorRect: (renderPassEncoderIdx, x, y, width, height) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				renderPassEncoder.setScissorRect(x, y, width, height);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} reference
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetStencilReference: (renderPassEncoderIdx, reference) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				renderPassEncoder.setStencilReference(reference);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} slot
			 * @param {0|number} bufferIdx
			 * @param {BigInt} offset
			 * @param {BigInt} size
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetVertexBuffer: (renderPassEncoderIdx, slot, bufferIdx, offset, size) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);

				let buffer;
				if (bufferIdx > 0) {
					buffer = this.buffers.get(bufferIdx).buffer;
				}

				offset = this.unwrapBigInt(offset);
				size = this.unwrapBigInt(size);
				renderPassEncoder.setVertexBuffer(slot, buffer, offset, size);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPassEncoderIdx
			 * @param {number} x
			 * @param {number} y
			 * @param {number} width
			 * @param {number} height
			 * @param {number} minDepth
			 * @param {number} maxDepth
			 */
			wgpuRenderPassEncoderSetViewport: (renderPassEncoderIdx, x, y, width, height, minDepth, maxDepth) => {
				const renderPassEncoder = this.renderPassEncoders.get(renderPassEncoderIdx);
				renderPassEncoder.setViewport(x, y, width, height, minDepth, maxDepth);
			},

			...this.renderPassEncoders.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- RenderPipeline ---------------------- */

			/**
			 * @param {number} renderPipelineIdx
			 * @param {number} groupIndex
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuRenderPipelineGetBindGroupLayout: (renderPipelineIdx, groupIndex) => {
				const renderPipeline = this.renderPipelines.get(renderPipelineIdx);
				const bindGroupLayout = renderPipeline.getBindGroupLayout(groupIndex);
				return this.bindGroupLayouts.create(bindGroupLayout);
			},

			...this.renderPipelines.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- Sampler ---------------------- */

			...this.samplers.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- ShaderModule ---------------------- */

			/**
			 * @param {number} shaderModuleIdx
			 * @param {number} callbackInfo
			 */
			wgpuShaderModuleGetCompilationInfo: (shaderModuleIdx, callbackInfoPtr) => {
				const shaderModule = this.shaderModules.get(shaderModuleIdx);

				const callbackInfo = this.CallbackInfo(callbackInfoPtr);
				shaderModule.getCompilationInfo()
					.catch((e) => {
						console.warn(e);
						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.CompilationInfoRequestStatus.indexOf("Error"), null]);
					})
					.then((compilationInfo) => {
						const ptrsToFree = [];

						const compilationMessageSize = this.sizes.CompilationMessage[0];

						const size = compilationInfo.messages.length * compilationMessageSize;

						const addr = this.mem.exports.wgpu_alloc(size);
						ptrsToFree.push(addr);

						compilationInfo.messages.forEach((message, i) => {
							const messageLength = new TextEncoder().encode(message.message).length;
							const messageAddr = this.mem.exports.wgpu_alloc(messageLength);
							ptrsToFree.push(messageAddr);
							this.mem.storeString(messageAddr, message.message);

							const off = this.struct(addr + (i * compilationMessageSize));
							off(4);

							const messageStart = off(this.sizes.StringView);
							this.mem.storeI32(messageStart, messageAddr);
							this.mem.storeUint(messageStart + this.mem.intSize, messageLength);

							this.mem.storeI32(off(4), ENUMS.CompilationMessageType.indexOf(message.type));

							this.mem.storeU64(off(8), message.lineNum);
							this.mem.storeU64(off(8), message.linePos);
							this.mem.storeU64(off(8), message.offset);
							this.mem.storeU64(off(8), message.length);
						});

						const retAddr = this.mem.exports.wgpu_alloc(3*this.mem.intSize);
						ptrsToFree.push(retAddr);
						this.mem.storeUint(retAddr + this.mem.intSize, compilationInfo.messages.length);
						this.mem.storeI32(retAddr + this.mem.intSize*2, addr);

						this.callCallback(callbackInfo, [ENUMS.CompilationInfoRequestStatus.indexOf("Success"), retAddr]);

						ptrsToFree.forEach(ptr => this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(ptr));
					});

				// TODO: futures?
				return BigInt(0);
			},

			...this.shaderModules.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- SupportedFeatures ---------------------- */

			wgpuSupportedFeaturesFreeMembers: (supportedFeaturesCount, supportedFeaturesPtr) => {
				this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(supportedFeaturesPtr);
			},

			/* ---------------------- SupportedWGSLLanguageFeatures ---------------------- */

			wgpuSupportedWGSLLanguageFeaturesFreeMembers: (supportedFeaturesCount, supportedFeaturesPtr) => {
				this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(supportedFeaturesPtr);
			},

			/* ---------------------- Surface ---------------------- */

			/**
			 * @param {number} surfaceIdx
			 * @param {number} configPtr
			 */
			wgpuSurfaceConfigure: (surfaceIdx, configPtr) => {
				const surface = this.surfaces.get(surfaceIdx);
				const context = surface.getContext("webgpu");

				const off = this.struct(configPtr);
				off(4);
				const device = this.devices.get(this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)));
				const format = this.enumeration("TextureFormat", off(4));
				const usage = this.mem.loadU64(off(8));
				const width = this.mem.loadU32(off(4));
				const height = this.mem.loadU32(off(4));
		                const viewFormats = this.array(
					this.mem.loadUint(off(this.mem.intSize)),
					this.mem.loadPtr(off(4)),
					(ptr) => this.enumeration("TextureFormat", ptr),
					4,
				);
				const alphaMode = this.enumeration("CompositeAlphaMode", off(4));
				// NOTE: present mode seems unused.
				const presentMode = this.enumeration("PresentMode", off(4));

				surface.width  = width;
				surface.height = height;

				/** @type {GPUCanvasConfiguration} */
				const config = {
					device: device,
					format: format,
					usage: usage,
					viewFormats: viewFormats,
					alphaMode: alphaMode,
					presentMode: presentMode,
				};

				context.configure(config);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} surfaceIdx
			 * @param {number} adapterIdx
			 * @param {number} capabilitiesPtr
			 * @return {number}
			 */
			wgpuSurfaceGetCapabilities: (surfaceIdx, adapterIdx, capabilitiesPtr) => {
				const off = this.struct(capabilitiesPtr);
				off(4); // nextInChain
				off(8); // usages TODO: can we pass this?

				const formatStr = navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat();
				const format = ENUMS.TextureFormat.indexOf(formatStr);

				this.mem.storeUint(off(this.mem.intSize), 1);
				const formatAddr = this.mem.exports.wgpu_alloc(4);
				this.mem.storeI32(formatAddr, format);
				this.mem.storeI32(off(4), formatAddr);

				// NOTE: present modes don't seem to actually do anything in JS, we can just give back a default FIFO though.
				this.mem.storeUint(off(this.mem.intSize), 1);
				const presentModesAddr = this.mem.exports.wgpu_alloc(4);
				this.mem.storeI32(presentModesAddr, ENUMS.PresentMode.indexOf("fifo"));
				this.mem.storeI32(off(4), presentModesAddr);

				// Browser seems to support opaque and premultiplied.
				this.mem.storeUint(off(this.mem.intSize), 2);
				const alphaModesAddr = this.mem.exports.wgpu_alloc(8);
				this.mem.storeI32(alphaModesAddr + 0, ENUMS.CompositeAlphaMode.indexOf("opaque"));
				this.mem.storeI32(alphaModesAddr + 4, ENUMS.CompositeAlphaMode.indexOf("premultiplied"));
				this.mem.storeI32(off(4), alphaModesAddr);

				return STATUS_SUCCESS;
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} surfaceIdx
			 * @param {number} texturePtr
			 */
			wgpuSurfaceGetCurrentTexture: (surfaceIdx, texturePtr) => {
				const surface = this.surfaces.get(surfaceIdx);
				const context = surface.getContext('webgpu');
				const texture = context.getCurrentTexture();

				const textureIdx = this.textures.create(texture);
				this.mem.storeI32(texturePtr + 4, textureIdx);

				// TODO: determine suboptimal and/or status.
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} surfaceIdx
			 */
			wgpuSurfacePresent: (surfaceIdx) => {
				// NOTE: Not really anything to do here.
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} surfaceIdx
			 */
			wgpuSurfaceUnconfigure: (surfaceIdx) => {
				const surface = this.surfaces.get(surfaceIdx);
				surface.getContext('webgpu').unconfigure();
			},

			...this.surfaces.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- SurfaceCapabilities ---------------------- */

			/**
			 * @param {number} surfaceCapabilitiesPtr
			 */
			wgpuSurfaceCapabilitiesFreeMembers: (surfaceCapabilitiesPtr) => {
				const off = this.struct(surfaceCapabilitiesPtr);
				off(4); // nextInChain
				off(8); // usages
				off(this.mem.intSize); // formatCount

				const formatsAddr = this.mem.loadPtr(off(4));
				this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(formatsAddr);

				off(this.mem.intSize); // presentModeCount

				const presentModesAddr = this.mem.loadPtr(off(4));
				this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(presentModesAddr);

				off(this.mem.intSize); // alphaModeCount

				const alphaModesAddr = this.mem.loadPtr(off(4));
				this.mem.exports.wgpu_free(alphaModesAddr);
			},

			/* ---------------------- Texture ---------------------- */
			
			/**
			 * @param {number} textureIdx
			 * @param {0|number} descriptorPtr
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuTextureCreateView: (textureIdx, descriptorPtr) => {
				const texture = this.textures.get(textureIdx);

				/** @type {?GPUTextureViewDescriptor} */
				let descriptor;
				if (descriptorPtr != 0) {
					const off = this.struct(descriptorPtr);
					off(4);
					descriptor = {
						label:           this.StringView(off(this.sizes.StringView)),
						format:          this.enumeration("TextureFormat", off(4)),
						dimension:       this.enumeration("TextureViewDimension", off(4)),
						baseMipLevel:    this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
						mipLevelCount:   this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
						baseArrayLayer:  this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
						arrayLayerCount: this.mem.loadU32(off(4)),
						aspect:          this.enumeration("TextureAspect", off(4)),
						usage:           this.mem.loadU64(off(8)),
					};
					if (descriptor.arrayLayerCount == 0xFFFFFFFF) {
						descriptor.arrayLayerCount = undefined;
					}
					if (descriptor.mipLevelCount == 0xFFFFFFFF) {
						descriptor.mipLevelCount = undefined;
					}
				}

				const textureView = texture.createView(descriptor);
				return this.textureViews.create(textureView);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} textureIdx
			 */
			wgpuTextureDestroy: (textureIdx) => {
				const texture = this.textures.get(textureIdx);
				texture.destroy();
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} textureIdx
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuTextureDepthOrArrayLayers: (textureIdx) => {
				const texture = this.textures.get(textureIdx);
				return texture.depthOrArrayLayers;
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} textureIdx
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuTextureGetDimension: (textureIdx) => {
				const texture = this.textures.get(textureIdx);
				return ENUMS.TextureDimension.indexOf(texture.dimension);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} textureIdx
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuTextureGetFormat: (textureIdx) => {
				const texture = this.textures.get(textureIdx);
				return ENUMS.TextureFormat.indexOf(texture.format);
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} textureIdx
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuTextureGetHeight: (textureIdx) => {
				const texture = this.textures.get(textureIdx);
				return texture.height;
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} textureIdx
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuTextureGetMipLevelCount: (textureIdx) => {
				const texture = this.textures.get(textureIdx);
				return texture.mipLevelCount;
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} textureIdx
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuTextureGetSampleCount: (textureIdx) => {
				const texture = this.textures.get(textureIdx);
				return texture.sampleCount;
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} textureIdx
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuTextureGetUsage: (textureIdx) => {
				const texture = this.textures.get(textureIdx);
				return texture.usage;
			},

			/**
			 * @param {number} textureIdx
			 * @returns {number}
			 */
			wgpuTextureGetWidth: (textureIdx) => {
				const texture = this.textures.get(textureIdx);
				return texture.width;
			},

			...this.textures.interface(true),

			/* ---------------------- TextureView ---------------------- */

			...this.textureViews.interface(true),
		};
	}
}

/** @template T */
class WebGPUObjectManager {

	/**
	 * @param {string} name
	 * @param {WasmMemoryInterface} mem
	 */
	constructor(name, mem) {
		this.name = name;
		this.mem = mem;

		this.idx = 0;

		/** @type {Record<number, { references: number, object: T }>} */
		this.objects = {};
	}

	/**
	 * @param {T} object
	 * @returns {number}
	 */
	create(object) {
		this.objects[this.idx] = { references: 1, object };
		this.idx += 1;
		return this.idx;
	}

	/**
	 * @param {?number} idx
	 * @returns {T}
	 */
	get(idx) {
		return this.objects[idx-1]?.object;
	}

	/** @param {number} idx */
	release(idx) {
		this.objects[idx-1].references -= 1;
		if (this.objects[idx-1].references == 0) {
			delete this.objects[idx-1];
		}
	}

	/** @param {number} idx */
	reference(idx) {
		this.objects[idx-1].references += 1;
	}
	
	interface(withLabelSetter = false) {
		const inter = {};
		inter[`wgpu${this.name}AddRef`] = this.reference.bind(this);
		inter[`wgpu${this.name}Release`] = this.release.bind(this);
		if (withLabelSetter) {
			inter[`wgpu${this.name}SetLabel`] = (idx, labelPtr, labelLen) => {
				const obj = this.get(idx);
				obj.label = this.mem.loadString(labelPtr, labelLen);
			};
		}
		return inter;
	}
}

window.odin = window.odin || {};
window.odin.WebGPUInterface = WebGPUInterface;

})();
